Relevance of Sociocultural Inequalities and Parents' Origins in Relation to the Oral Health of Preschoolers in Lanzarote, Spain.

Approaching inequalities to achieve health equity requires joint action. Early childhood caries affects disadvantaged population groups. The objective of this study was to determine the relevance of sociocultural inequalities and parental origin with respect to oral health in preschool children in Lanzarote. A transversal epidemiological study was carried out. Sociocultural data and information about parental origin were collected via a questionnaire. The decayed and filled teeth (dft), decayed teeth (dt), filled teeth (ft), restorative index (RI), plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were obtained via an investigator's examination. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that children of semi-skilled manual workers (28.15%) had the highest prevalence of caries (46.9%). Additionally 43.7 of the mothers had second grade and first cycle studies. When relating the medium and high level of education, there were statistically significant differences in relation to the cod index (p = 0.046). When the origin was foreign (48.4%), preschoolers presented 10.7% more active or untreated caries than Spaniards (p = 0.038). Low socioeconomic cultural level and foreign origin is associated with a more deficient state of oral health in preschoolers. Oral health programs are needed to minimize social inequalities.

Influence of the Severity of Osteogenesis Imperfecta on Cranial Measurements.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a disease that causes bone fragility and deformities, affecting both the cranial base and the craniocervical junction, and may lead to other neurological disorders. A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out based on cephalometric analysis of the cranial base in a sample of patients with OI, in lateral skull radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), comparing them with a sample of age-matched controls. When the different variables of the craniocervical junction were analyzed, significance was found in comparisons with the different age groups. All measurements of the variables studied stabilized as growth progressed. For most of the variables, the severity of the disease influences the measurements of the skull base, with statistically significant differences. Both age and severity of the disease are factors that directly influence the anatomy of the craniocervical junction in these patients and may serve as indicators in the early detection and prevention of other derived alterations.

Influence of occlusion and mandibular position on foot support and head posture in adult patients.

OBJECTIVE: To study postural changes, taking into account different mandibular positions and the cephalic and plantar body segments. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive, clinical, and observational study was carried out on 76 patients, (mean age 28.79 years), in whom body posture and plantar support were evaluated in the maximum mandibular intercuspal position and the mandibular rest position without dental contact. RESULTS: When the mandibular position was altered, 71.01% of the patients showed changes in the bipupillary line (p = 0.008), while those who did not show such changes did, however, show changes in plantar support. More than 85% of the sample experienced alterations in the plantar plane when the mandibular position was changed, with statistically significant results (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There is a positive relationship between the different segments in body posture. In the sample, changes in plantar support with respect to the different mandibular positions were noticeable.

Evaluation of the Severity of Malocclusion in Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta.

Occlusion is the way in which the dental arches are related to each other and depends on craniofacial growth and development. It is affected in patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) who present altered craniofacial development. The malocclusion present in 49 patients diagnosed with different types of OI aged between 4 and 18 was studied. The control group of healthy people was matched for age, sex, and molar class. To study the mixed and permanent dentition, the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) discrepancy Index was applied. The primary dentition was evaluated with a Temporary Dentition Occlusion Analysis proposed for this study. The OI group obtained higher scores in the Discrepancy Index than the control group, indicating a high difficulty of treatment. The most significant differences were found in types III and IV of the disease. Regarding the variables studied, the greatest differences were found in the presence of lateral open bite in patients with OI, and in the variable "others" (agenesis and ectopic eruption). The analysis of primary dentition did not show significant differences between the OI and control groups. Patients with OI have more severe malocclusions than their healthy peers. Malocclusion is related to the severity of the disease and may progress with age.

Influence of the mandibular position on various postural anatomical segments.

OBJECTIVE: To determine postural changes in relation to mandibular position in maximum intercuspation and at rest in adult patients of both sexes. METHODS: : A descriptive observational clinical study was carried out in 76 patients. Using an analyzer and the Meersseman test, the necessary dermal points for postural analysis were located. RESULTS: : The authors found significant differences in the posture adopted by the patient between maximum intercuspation and mandibular rest in the frontal, sagittal, and dorsal planes. Foot support in the right foot went from cavus to normal in 6% of the sample, and from flat to normal in 2.5% of the sample in the jaw rest position. CONCLUSION: Postural changes were observed in various segments, with clinical and statistical significance at cervical level in the frontal plane, in the biscapular variable in the dorsal plane, and at the level of the lower limbs in the bipopliteal and bimalleolar variables.

Sexual dimorphism of primary dentition in Spanish children.

AIM: To analyse differences in the eruption of primary teeth between both sexes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in a sample of 1250 children aged between 3 and 42 months. The clinical emergence of teeth was taken to estimate average ages for primary teeth eruption. The t-test was used to analyse gender and arch differences. RESULTS: Eruption of primary teeth began at the same time in girls as in boys; although the eruptive process was longer in girls. It was observed that almost all deciduous teeth emerged earlier in boys, except for the first molar (upper and lower) and the maxillary central incisors. The differences were statistically significant for almost all the primary teeth except for the central incisors, both upper and lower. CONCLUSIONS: By comparing the timing of the eruption of primary teeth in both sexes, it was found that eruption of almost all primary teeth took place earlier in boys than in girls and that the eruption process was shorter for boys than for girls. Most of the deciduous teeth erupted earlier in the right side in both sexes. No differences were found in the sequence of eruption of primary teeth between genders.

Evolución histórica de la prevalencia del síndrome incisivo molar / Prevalence of the incisor molar hypomineralization: an historical view

El propósito de este trabajo es conocer la evolución de la prevalencia del Síndrome Incisivo Molar, no sólo a nivel mundial sino también en nuestro ámbito nacional. Constituye una revisión bibliográfica sobre los artículos científicos publicados en relación con dicha alteración. Tras el análisis y teniendo en cuenta el año de publicación independientemente de la zona geográfica de estudio, no se observa un aumento de la prevalencia de hIM. Los países que experimentan mayores porcentajes son Australia, Brasil y Reino unido (44%, 40,2% y 40% respectivamente). Los que presentan menor prevalencia son China y Libia (2,8% y 2,9% respectivamente). En el ámbito nacional claramente se ha observado un incremento con el tiempo en la prevalencia del hIM. Las variaciones en los resultados obtenidos pueden reflejar diferencias reales entre regiones y países. Sin embargo, podrían explicarse, al menos en una parte, por las diferentes edades de la muestra, diferentes fechas de nacimiento, criterios de diagnóstico, variabilidad en cuanto a la posible etiología, entre otros factores (AU)

The purpose of this paper is to know the evolution of the prevalence of molar-incisor hypomineralization, both on a national and international scale, comprising a bibliographical review of the scientific papers published on the subject. Following the analysis and taking into consideration the year of publication, but not the geographical area of the study, an increase in the prevalence of MIh is not observed. The countries with the highest prevalence percentages are Australia, Brazil and the united Kingdom (with 44%, 40.2% and 40%, respectively). On the other hand, the countries with the lowest prevalence percentages are China and Libya, with 2.8% and 2.9%, respectively. On a national scale, a clear increment of the prevalence of MIh has been observed over time. Disparities in the obtained results show real differences between countries and regions. On one hand, they can be explained due to the different ages within the sample, dates of birth, diagnosis criteria and possible etiologies, among other factors (AU)

Cronología y secuencia de erupción de los dientes temporales en una muestra infantil de la Comunidad de Madrid / Chronology and sequence of eruption of the temporary teeth in a sampling of children in the region of Madrid

La erupción de la dentición temporal ha sido objeto de estudio en múltiples poblaciones, sin embargo, son escasos los llevados a cabo en la población española. Objetivo: Determinar la cronología y la secuencia de erupción de la dentición decidua en una muestra de niños de la Comunidad de Madrid. Material y Método: La muestra para la realización de este estudio transversal estuvo constituida por 120 niños, 62 hombres y 58 mujeres, de entre 5 y 40 meses de edad, que fueron revisados en distintas guarderías de la Comunidad de Madrid. Resultados: En general, los dientes de la arcada superior erupcionaron antes que los de la inferior, a excepción de los incisivos centrales inferiores y del incisivo lateral inferior izquierdo. En el caso del segundo molar las edades medias de emergencia en ambas arcadas fueron muy similares. En los niños, los dientes maxilares erupcionaron antes que los mandibulares, sucediendo lo contrario en las niñas. Además, se observó una emergencia más adelantada en los varones, presentando éstos en cambio, un proceso eruptivo más largo. Conclusiones: En la muestra general, el primer diente en erupcionar fue el incisivo central inferior izquierdo y el último el segundo molar inferior derecho. No se encontraron diferencias en la erupción de los dientes homólogos contra laterales (AU)

The eruption of temporary teeth has been subject of study in many populations; however, there are few that have been conducted on the Spanish population. Objective: Determine the chronology and the sequence of eruption of the deciduous teeth in a sampling of children from the Region of Madrid. Material and Method: The sampling for this cross-sectional study was composed of 120 children, 62 male and 58 females, between the ages of 5 and 40 months, which were sampled in different childcare centres of the Region of Madrid. Results: In general, the teeth of the upper arcade erupted before those of the low erarcade, except for the lower central incisors and of the lower left lateral incisor. In the case of the second molar, the average ages of emergence in both arcades were very similar. In the boys, the maxillary teeth erupted before the mandibular teeth, with the opposite occurring in the girls. In addition, an earlier emergence was observed in the males, with them presenting, however, a longer eruptive process. Conclusions: In the general sample, the first tooth to erupt was the lower left central incisor and the last was the lower right second molar. No differences were found in the eruption of the contralateral counterpart teeth (AU)